Bulimia Nervos A Psychological Disease - 1186 Words

Bulimia Nervosa Introduction Bulimia nervosa is one kind of most observe digestion disease in which generally person eat large amount of food within short period of time. After taking food ,after person feel eiltty ownself so person try remove the excess food from body or sometime person do the long fasting and excessive amount of exercise (book). However, many author describe bulimia nervosa as a psychological disease (Rushing, Jones, Carney,2003). This disorder more frequent present in young female particular when female reaches as puberty time. Classification Bulimia nervosa can be classified into two major sub type (Rushing, Jones, Carney,2003) which is described below here 1. Non-purging 2. Purging Non-purging: The name of this class of bulimia nervosa indicts that patient does not do any kind of purging. But patient try to use different activity for reduce or burn the excess calories by using more fasting and many time patient do excess amount of the exercise. By this way patients indirectly harm ownself. Purgin : in this class of bulimia nervosa, patient try to remove ingest food from the body . Most of case, patient do the self-vomiting for removal of the food. However some time also use the laxatives and diuretics Biological factor The following biological factor affect on the bulima nervosa such as 1. Disturbance in neurotransmitter level (serotonin) 2. Disturbance in protein level (leptin) Disturbance in neurotransmitter

Guatemal Guatemala And Mexico - 1370 Words

Guatemala Guatemala is divided into 22 departments. Guatemala s capital is the largest city is Nueva Guatemala de la Asuncià ³n, and is known as Guatemala City. Guatemala City, locally known as Guatemala or Guate, is the capital and largest city of Republic of Guatemala, and the most popular in Centro America. The city is located in the south–central part of the country. Pedro Alvarado was the Spanish man who conquered what is now Guatemala by defeating the native Mayan people and making it a Spanish colony. Guatemala joins the United Provinces of Central America. In the territory of modern Guatemala was formed the core of the Mayan civilization, in which was extended across Mesoamerica. Guatemala was conquered by the Spanish Pedro de Alvarado in the 16th century, and becoming a part of the viceroyalty of New Spain. Guatemala was conquered independence in 1821 as part of the Federal Republic of Central America. Guatemala is bordered by Mexico to the north and west, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, Belize to the northeast, the Caribbean and Honduras to the east, and El Salvador to the southeast. It is the most populous state in Central America. (Wiki.org. Guatemala) Guatemala Landforms Guatemalans call their country The Land of Eternal Spring. A slight climate changes allows for a large amount of vegetation and beautiful flowers around the year covering many square miles of landscape. The central highland mountains are The Sierra Madre and the Cuchumatanes they are

School as the primary promoter Free Essays

Developmental assets are the basic life skills and attribute that are critical building blocks for young people’s successful growth and development. They are classified broadly into two: external assets and internal assets. Each further classified into subclasses; External; support, boundaries empowerment and expectations Internal; constructive use of time, commitment to learning, positive values, social competencies and positive identity There are modalities in building the above assets and this was divided into 6 ways by the search institute; Everyone can build assets. We will write a custom essay sample on School as the primary promoter or any similar topic only for you Order Now Building assets requires consistent messages across a community. All adults, youth and children play a role. All young people need assets. While it is crucial to pay attention to those who have the least (economically), nearly all young people need more assets than they have. A relationship is the key. Strong relationships between adults and young people, young people and their peers, and teenagers and children are central to asset building. Asset building is an ongoing process. Building assets starts when a child is born and continues through high school and beyond. Consistent messages are important. Young people need to receive consistent messages about what’s important and what’s expected from their families, schools, communities, the media and other sources. Intentional redundancy is important. Assets must be continually reinforced across the years and in all areas of a young person’s life. (By search institute) The assets that designate school as the primary promoter of are;  · Achievement motivation; this is basically done by arousing the child psychology to act toward a desired goal. The motivation is usually achieved by understanding the child and appealing to the mental faculty of the child. These help children to achieve the following; Increase rate of high school completion, more students enrollment in college, student becomes more efficient, have greater expectation of success and achieve better grades in school, the children have positive perception of their teachers, this also helps the children in knowing how to manage stress and anxiety. The child will also be able to communicate effectively.   All the above can only be achieve if proper technique is used. We should be able to focus on the child developing mind and self esteem which is very important in the child development.  · School engagement; a developmental asset that focus mainly on the child’s involvement in the school activities. When a child participate in the school activities both extra-curricular and curricular activities, the child develops a good working relationship with his or her colleague and also with the teachers and it will help the child to develop and achieve the following; the child will want to attend school regularly, he will spend more time on his homework, it will also help the child in learning and use of â€Å"deep† study technique, there’s also greater feeling of support at school which will affect the child’s ego positively, there’s also less involvement in drug use and less adolescent child bearing.  · Homework; helps to achieve higher test scores, greater homework completion and accuracy, improved scientific literacy and fewer conduct problems and less marijuana use. Home work has the same objectives as that of school in general. It s helps by increasing the child’s knowlegde and improve the capacity and skills it also help to reinforce what the child has learnt and also help in preparing them for the upcoming complex task. Risk factors that would benefit from strengthening of the assets Ø   Achievement motivation. This developmental asset is very important in building a child’s self esteem. Most human who have inferiority complex tend to lack adequate motivation from childhood. They simply don’t believe in themselves and this will surely affect their productivity. Ø   School engagement. This cant be underestimate when it comes to child’s development because it strongly influence the academic performance of the child and how he or she relates with outsiders. The school can provide activities such as sports, story telling through writing, visual autobiographies, using resources in the community to teach them and teachers can identify their successes which is utmost in boosting their morals Ø   Home-work. The third developmental assets who designate the school as the primary promoter of the child’s development are home works. Home strongly influence the way child learn   by reinforcing what he has learnt before and preventing the child from getting involve in some other activities that could have a negative impact on his life. Developmental assets and my personal philosophy Developmental assets are vital keys or tools in child’s development; I strongly believe that it enables parent and child care-givers and teachers to bring out the best in the child so he or she can really make maximum use of his or her potentials. My experience and philosophy When I was young my involvement in school activities greatly influenced my life positively. I learnt how write my own stories such as my experience with riding a bicycle. With such experience, I have been able to develop my writing skills. The home works I did then was somehow stressful, because I always want to go and play but I got used to it and know I reinforce all my   classroom works by simply going over it again at home and this gave an edge in all my results. The motivation and teachings I was exposed to earlier in my life, I can manage stress and anxiety easily. So my philosophy in life about education is that â€Å"catch them young† when all is fresh and when all the neural connections are being form to achieve life success. References Search institute. (1999). Pass it On! Ready-ta-Use Handouts for Asset Builders. Developmental assets. Retrieved July 10, 2008. From www.search-institute.org How to cite School as the primary promoter, Papers

Perpetual Insignificance Essay Example For Students

Perpetual Insignificance Essay A tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing. -Shakespeare Light pierced the hazing heat, Illuminating the scene below. In a circle the cult did stand, And did clap and clap and clap their hands, Till the seeker finally was found. And as his eyes he closed, The rest swarmed forth like mice. And then their hole they found To cloak them from fierce green, Which only the glass of the felines eyes, With curtains drawn, Could keep inside. But up the shades did rise, Emitting light from eyes Fiercer than the sun above. And one hole short were they, And with one tiny squeak, A little white mouse gave his life away. And as their play continued, Others sat in wonder At the wrath of natures venue. Through swarms and throngs they searched For that which for some has been lost since birth. Languishing through disease and malaise, Through time they strive to stay alive, But infected blood through their veins does flow. Yet moans screamed loud were silenced To the ears of those who played that game. And through it all, A boy sat exposed. And in two shinning orbs the fear Resembled that of a tiger hunted deer, Till suddenly an idea he took Of a place no Bengalian would ever look. And over the terrain did he flee, Through blackness and shadows, Until through the cracks he slipped, Slipped into a fearful land of security. Through the jungles the Bengal beast Did search. No eyes failed, Although the ambition did flail. And vanish did the beast To vanquish a different feast. And while the tiger did gorge And the deer did cloak himself in darkness, The peoples stomachs did growl louder Than any beasts roar. And in the ground and in the trees And all through nature did they hunt, But on hunger only did they feast. Yet, while they lived with the thirst for food, The tiger became intoxicated with life, And visions of glory in the stags mind were planted. A mad dash made he To finish life victorious. But as he whooped and hollered The cult turned round to stare. Only confusion did emerge, For no recognition rested there. Forgotten had he been As all had continued without him. But humiliation tolled so loud That the bombs hitting They never heard. And as the troops were deflected, A new game they elected. Men fell in waves upon waves upon waves. And as they bathed themselves in blood, Cries of victory and shrieks of defeat Rang out loud As women cried more rain than clouds. And from the balcony Totality spared a fleeting glance At a small blue planet. Nothing wrong, nothing right, Nothing, Nothing, Nothing. And so the sashes were pulled And the curtains did fall. None saw the child victim: No longer ignorant But forever insignificant.

11 Ways to Add Some Punch to Boring Writing

Great content not only shares useful information but does so in a persuasive and engaging way. That’s why even the most informative articles will struggle to perform well if it doesn’t engage readers and hold their attention. As a writer, it’s your role to grab readers and not let them go. So how do you make your writing pop? Here are 11 techniques to add more punch to your writing. 1. Get to the Point Don’t make it hard work for readers; long, rambling sentences will make even the most alert readers fall asleep. Be succinct. Get your main message across in the first paragraph, and when you edit, cut out any repetition of words or ideas. 2. Stick to One Topic When a story drones on or goes off topic, it can be easy to lose interest. It’s the same with written content. Introducing too many new ideas throughout a piece leads to boredom and confusion. If you have lots of ideas, save them for another article. Making an outline before hand can help keep your article on track. 3. Vary Sentence Lengths Variation keeps the reader alert. Make some sentences short. Others can be longer to move the reader along, but be sure to mix it up so it feels conversational. Use colons and semicolons to give your sentences more flow; if you’re unsure how to use them, cut a long sentence into two separate sentences. And try writing some paragraphs with one sentence only. 4. Format for Clarity Use shorter paragraphs, subheadings, italics, and bullet points to make your writing more visually appealing. Variation of text interrupts the reader visually. It keeps readers engaged for longer. It makes your content easier to scan. If you’re looking to learn more about this topic, check out these 6 exercises to improve your writing clarity. 5. Use Contractions A contraction is a simple device that puts fewer letters in front of the reader and makes your writing flow. â€Å"You’re,† â€Å"isn’t,† haven’t,† â€Å"won’t,† â€Å"aren’t,† and â€Å"they’re† are all common contractions. Use them when it sounds natural; don’t stuff your writing full of them. 6. Get Active Passive voice sentences often use more words and sound vague. The emphasis is on the object of the sentence, or the thing that is acted upon: An article was written by Jane. Use the active voice when possible; sentences flow better and are easier to understand. Active voice places the emphasis on the subject of the sentence: Jane wrote an article. 7. Cut Out Unnecessary Words and Jargon Removing literally all unnecessary words will really make your writing more readable. In the final stages of editing, find words to cut. This helps improve sentence flow, reduces the word count, and looks more professional. Here are some common â€Å"filler† words: every, totally, completely, absolutely, literally, just, very, definitely, actually, basically. If you can remove words without altering the meaning or clarity of the sentence, do it. Readers soon lose interest if they have to read long words, clichà ©s, or business jargon. Be more expressive instead. 8. Use Expressive Language Be human. When readers like you, they’re more likely to keep reading. Try the following to make your writing more expressive, emotional, and convincing: Choose topics that you’re passionate about. Write as if you’re talking to a friend. Be specific. Say â€Å"brown-eared beagle called Lucy,† not just â€Å"dog.† Use stories to make readers visualize topics. Express your opinions, if it’s not off-brand. Use metaphors and similes. Use personal stories to connect with the reader. 9. Remove Redundant Phrases Redundant phrases make your writing limp and unprofessional. Here are a few examples: At the present time. Simply say: â€Å"at present,† or â€Å"at this time.† Totally unique. Something is either unique or it isn’t. Join together. There’s no need for â€Å"together.† Postpone until later. â€Å"Until later† is superfluous. 7 p.m. in the evening. â€Å"7 p.m.† is specific enough. Unexpected surprise. No surprise is expected. 10. Use Stronger Verbs and Adjectives Many verbs can weaken writing. For example: Jane went to an evening class to find out if she could make her writing better. To make this sentence clearer and reduce the word count, use stronger verbs: Jane attended an evening class to discover if she could improve her writing. The same goes for adjectives. Get rid of wishy-washy sentences like: Jane was really bad at grammar, so she was happy to have a very intelligent teacher. Try this instead: Jane was terrible at grammar, so she was thrilled to have a brilliant teacher. 11. Add Flair with Adverbs Adverbs describe other parts of a sentence. Many experts suggest eliminating adverbs altogether, but this is too simplistic. Adverbs used in an unexpected way, or which subvert the meaning of verbs, can add color and hidden depth to writing. For example: Jane’s writing is quietly effective. Her subtle references gently knock you out. The trick is to only use adverbs when they add more meaning to your ideas. Great Writing Takes Time It’s easy to fall into the trap of lazy writing, but it will only result in weak content. When you edit, remember these techniques. Go over every sentence and every word. Write with passion. Be unforgettable. You’ll make readers happy and probably get more requests for work. Looking to land your next freelance writing client? Constant Content makes it easy for you to sell articles and land writing clients.

Strength In A Dolls House Essays - Films, British Films, Lost Films

Strength In A Dolls House Essays - Films, British Films, Lost Films Strength In A Dolls House Strength in Henrik Ibsen's A Doll House Women have played many roles in marriage throughout history but the primary one has been the role of the submissive, attentive, attractive wife. This role mainly composed of living for her husband and her children. Henrik Ibsen, in his play A Doll's House examines the of the roles of women and men in marriage. A Doll House shows us the story of a woman regaining her strength and self-respect. The main character, Nora begins a difficult search for the self esteem and self worth she has never experienced before. In the beginning of the play Ibsen outlines the typical marital relationship between Torvald and Nora. Torvald is the strong, dignified husband while Nora is little lark twittering. (1565) Torvald's continual reference to Nora using bird names parallels Nora's image of herself. In the first act, Torvald continually refers to Nora as his little spendthrift, his little scatterbrain, his squirrel sulking, and most importantly his song bird.(1565) These images of weak birds characterize Nora as a weak person. The simple twittering, little birds we see every day are very susceptible to cold weather and to dying and so is Nora. The images of a little spendthrift and a little scatterbrain indicate stupidity and ignorance. Nora can't think for herself because her thoughts are scattered and unorganized. She can't assume responsibility for money because she will waste it. In the character of Torvald we are led to believe that he is the loving and accommodating husband. He treats Nora like a child, and she, not knowing any better at this stage, acts accordingly. For example, as a child forbidden by its mother from eating candy before dinner, Nora hides her macaroons from Torvald. Acting like her parent, Torvald suspects her of hiding macaroons from him. He repeatedly asks her if she is sure she didn't eat any macaroons. Surely my sweet tooth hasn't been running riot in town today, has she? he asks (1567) Nora's response to Torvald shows us her lack of self-esteem. Instead of sharing with him her love for macaroons she hides it. Instead of standing up for her rights as a human being to eat what she likes, she acts like a little bird afraid of her own shadow. In the beginning of the play we are introduced to Nora as the weak, stupid, dependent wife. The second stage of her independence is introduced by the invitation to the Stenborgs' costume party. Her invitation to the party with Torvald is extremely significance to her self-esteem. She is desperately trying to find a way to charm Torvald into keeping Krogsard on as an employee at the bank. Through the use of her feminine wiles she hopes to convince her husband that what she requests of him is only a minor request. At this point she is caged as a bird would be caged. She cannot fly away till she gets her independence. Her attendance at the party signifies the fact that she is attempting to break free. She will dance the Tarantella at the party with wild abandonment as this will prove, she realizes to be her last performance, her swan song. In her attempt to break free, she views Mrs. Linde, her childhood friend, as a woman of the world who has experience in the matters of independence. Whenever Torvald is not around Nora, we can see Nora's efforts to break free. Nora shows her strength in the fact that she saved her husband's life. In revealing her secret to Mrs. Linde she attempts to gain independence. When Mrs. Linde comes to visit we see Nora ready to crack wide open with a confession. In explaining her lifes' hardships, Mrs. Linde says, You know so little of life's burdens yourself. (1570) Nora's answer is of strength, I-? I know so little. (1571) You can hear the sarcasm in Nora's words. Mrs. Linde continues on to say, You're just a child. (1571) In response Nora answers, You don't have to act so superior. (1571) This show of strength is typical of Nora as long as Torvald is not around to hear it. After being fully under the control of Torvald, Nora is

Critical thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 9

Critical thinking - Essay Example The problem, is that the law seems to have been misused by some Floridians like George Zimmerman against Trayvon Martin. According to David Simmons, co-author of the state bill in his opinion article titled â€Å"Without Stand Your Ground, Attacker can Have Advantage†, the Castle Doctrine was revised to become the â€Å"Stand Your Ground Law† in order to prevent such incidents from happening. Under the doctrine, the victim, who, if carrying a gun, was first expected to flee the scene and try to de-escalate the situation before opening fire. The problem with that scenario, is that the victim more often than not does not have a chance to run away from the attacker. Hence the need to revise the law. I fully understand and support the â€Å"Stand Your Ground Law† because I have to live every day of my life in a world where I never know who is going to attack me. One can never be too sure as to when a situation might call for a â€Å"Stand Your Ground† response. It is always nice to know that I can defend myself whenever necessary without having to open myself to an all out attack in the first place. Sen. Simmons had his heart in the right place when he agreed to co-author this bill together with Rep. Dennis Baxley in 2005. I am quite sure that the law has saved many innocent lives since it was enacted into law in 2006. Even the safety measures to ensure that the law would not be used to turn Florida into a Wild West state were truly logical. That is why it saddens me that there are people who oppose the law simply because it has become tainted with racial discrimination accusations. The Trayvon Martin case has placed the â€Å"Stand Your Ground† law in the national spotlight because the person who was shot happened to be a young African American and the shooter, was a White male. The law is not as simple as â€Å"shoot first, ask questions

Teenage Abortion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Teenage Abortion - Research Paper Example In olden days, ancient people used natural abortion practices when cases involving health complications and emotional immaturity to save a mother’s life (Soranau’s Gynecology) (Bull.  Acad.  Natl.  Med.  171  (8):1027–32). In 21st century, with the increasing urbanization and industrialization, the number of girls, who visit the clinic for abortion, is extremely high. According to the National Abortion Organization, nearly one million teenagers become pregnant each year and 78 percent of these teenage pregnancies are unintended. A practice, which is used to save a mother’s life on olden days, is now became big concern as teenagers started thronging into the clinics because of unwanted pregnancies. There are several reasons behind girls choosing abortion. It is the responsibility of all educated to empower teenage girls to stay away from the activities that helps unwanted pregnancies. As teenagers who are carrying an unwanted pregnancy are visitin g clinics without any parental notification for abortion, empowering teenagers regarding the implications of unwanted pregnancy will prevent teenage abortions. Teen Abortion has always been most controversial subject in nature. I feel, this is attributable to the well known fact that majority of the people have got different set of beliefs that are inherited from the religion and society. Some people say teenage abortion is wrong but some enunciate it is right under some circumstances. As per the statistics of National Abortion Federation, 80 out of 100 Americans have sex before 20 years of age. The average age of a girl, who loses her virginity is around 17 years. This is the main reason behind the teen abortions in America. There are a very few cases where girls under 15 years of age become pregnant due to forceful sex and they will not have any option but to choose abortion. Teen abortion was legal in all states before 1991. The law in a

Architectural History, Theory & Criticism Essay

Architectural History, Theory & Criticism - Essay Example In all the dialogue, we need to distinguish the terms and notions of postmodernism. Even so, according to Jencks (2010), Postmodernism is deepening of modernism. It is a combination of modernism and other things, a slide away from its parent rather than an act of parricide. It is considered a loyal opposition rather than a movement that is anti-modern. On the other hand, Ronald Nash refers to postmodernism as a present-day movement that rejects dogmas, allegedly taught during the age of enlightenment by thinkers, and by proponents of those ideas, who assisted in producing the movement we now know as modernism (Proctor, 2012). Post-modernism has returned as a major movement in the arts since the millennium post-modernism. This has happened with the revisiting of landmark sculptures and the explosive growth in iconic buildings, and ornaments and pattern making in architecture and the arts. Most post-modern concerns of the 1970s and the 1980s have become central to the society (Jencks, 2012). Jencks states that a typical post-modern building is one that is hybrid and one that dramatizes opposing trend mixtures, of the past, present and future to create a miniature city. Thus, it is based on numerous codes, combining modern universal technology and local culture, in a double coding that is characteristic. A typical building that is post-modern speaks at once on several levels to both high and low culture. It also recognizes the global situation where no single culture can speak for the whole world. Conferring with Vartola (2012), postmodernism concept is in three-fold. First, postmodernism is quoting Umberto Ecos the age of the lost innocence that is characterized by double-coding, ambiguity and irony and a transition to a post-industrial or late-capitalist social order in the Western culture in the late 20th century. However, its temporal borders are disputable. Next, postmodernism, is a thought orientation and acts as a headline for numerous critical

Lexical and Structural Ambiguity Examples

Lexical and Structural Ambiguity Examples Language is the most important thing in our life. People communicate with others by using language. Without language we cannot communicate with other people properly. Even deaf or dump people can communicate with others by using their special language or sign language. People talk, share their thought, feeling and emotion through language either spoken or written. In the world, there are many different languages in different countries. It is possible that there are many languages used in one country. Although have so many different languages, people use it for one reason, that is to communicate. They communicate with each other either spoken or written through sentences. Sometimes people do not get what we said to them. It is not because they do not hear it or something. However, occasionally we say a sentence which has more than one meaning. As a result, the listeners will have some different interpretations and this will make confusion for the listener. In this case, this misunderstanding is called an ambiguity. We can find ambiguous sentences everywhere, not only when people say something to us or spoken but we can also find it in written forms, like in the book, newspaper, magazine, and so on. This ambiguity can happen if there are more than one meaning which can be interpreted by the people who read or listen to the ambiguous sentences or phrases. There are three kinds of ambiguity according to Ullmann (as cited in Tambunan 202, 204); phonetic, grammatical or structural, and lexical ambiguity. Phonetic ambiguity appears in spoken only, e.g. when we say near, not all people will catch near as the meaning of close by or next to. Nevertheless, some people can misunderstand what they hear. They can possibly hear near as an ear or a near as well. Meanwhile, in his book, Pateda () said Grammatical or structural ambiguity appears because of the resemblance of phrase. Each word which forms a phrase actually should be clear, but the combination can be interpreted more than one meaning. For example in the sentence I met a number of old friends and acquaintances. The word old (past or someone who has been already old, in this case about age matter) in this sentence can be connected with friends (people who you know well but not in family members) and acquaintances which means people that you have met but do not know well. In that sentenc e, where is meant by the past, is it friends or acquaintances? In lexical ambiguity it has been explained that each word can contain more than one meaning. A word can lead to something different according to the usage. As the writer mentioned above, apparently ambiguous sentences or phrases can be shown in the written forms. Based on this research, the writer chooses the source of data from a newspaper, especially in the titles of each section which most likely contains ambiguous meaning. Because nowadays we find so many newspaper which contains ambiguous meaning in it, either in the content or the title. This is happening because in this modern era, language is changed. Trask (92) said that language has changed, and many of the old words have disappeared and been replaced by the new words. Other words have survived, but have changed either their forms or their meanings so much that we can barely recognize them. In this research the writer chooses a local Indonesian newspaper, that is Suara Merdeka. It is the largest Indonesian daily newspaper in Central Java, Indonesia which is made in Semarang, Central Java. There are some sections that are offered by this news, such as headline, business, advertisement, your letters, entertainment, and so on. In this paper, the writer will conduct a research in the news title of each section. Since the data is taken from newspaper, the writer will take some titles which most likely has ambiguous meaning in both lexically and structurally. FIELD OF THE STUDY This research is in the field of Linguistics. SCOPE OF THE STUDY In this paper the writer focuses on lexical and structural ambiguity in the title news of each section in Suara Merdeka newspaper. The data of this research are taken from all titles in each section of the newspaper which has ambiguous meaning. PROBLEM FORMULATION The research question can be formulated as follows: Which words, sentences or phrases are possibly ambiguous? What parts of speech are lexically ambiguous? Which type of ambiguity is the most dominant? OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The objectives of this paper are to answer the problem of this research which is mentioned above. They are: To find out words, sentence or phrases are possibly ambiguous. To analyze the part of speech of words that can be lexically ambiguous. To determine the most dominant type of ambiguity. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The result of this study provides the readers to improve their ability in understanding the ambiguous sentence, phrase, or word in written language. This research will contribute as the reference for the study of semantics and syntax in teaching and learning activity. Moreover for the people who are interested in lexical and structural ambiguity for their research. DEFINITION OF TERMS Ambiguity Ambiguity appears when something has more than one possible meaning and may therefore cause confusion (Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary 43). Lexical Ambiguity According to Grenat and Taher in Al satil journal (10), lexical ambiguity refers to the type of ambiguity those results from the occurrence of homonyms. Structural Ambiguity A sentence is called structurally ambiguous if there is more than one complete structural description that may be assigned to it (Tesar, par. 1). LITERARY VIEW Semantic Theories As a branch of linguistics, semantics is defined as the study of the meaning. Yule (100) says that Semantics deals with the conventional meaning conveyed by the use of words, phrases and sentences of a language. In semantics it can be seen what is meant by meaning, the kinds of meaning, anything which is connected by meaning, the components of meaning, whether meaning is changed or not, why meaning can be changed, either each word has only one meaning or more, how we comprehend the meaning of a word or sentence easily, everything can be traced through semantics (Pateda 2). Meaning There are two ways in investigating meaning of words in a sentence; conceptual and associative meaning. Conceptual meaning is the basic components of meaning carry on literal use of words. For example, the word needle has the meaning of sharp, thin, an instrument for sewing. Associative meaning is like the connotation of words. For example, the word needle has the meaning of pain, illness, drug, thread, or knitting. In this association meaning, it is possible that each person may have different interpretations (Yule 100). An idea has to be sent clearly and meaningfully, so it will not cause misunderstanding in communication. Ambiguity can cause wrong perception in peoples mind when evaluating something (Suryaslavia 7). Ambiguity According to Clare (par 4), something is called ambiguous when it can be understood in two or more possible senses or ways. A word or sentence is ambiguous when it has more than one sense. A sentence is ambiguous if it has two (or more) paraphrases which are not themselves paraphrases of each other. For example, We saw her duck is a paraphrase of We saw her lower her head and of We saw the duck belonging to her. In this case, we consider that We saw her duck is ambiguous (Hurford and Heasley 121). Ambiguity can arise in a sentence for a number of reasons; through the ascription of multiple meanings to single words, through the assignment of different syntactic structures to a sentence, or through the use of certain expression that may have semantic scope (Cann 8). Lexical Ambiguity Lexical ambiguity according to Hurford and Heasley (128) is any ambiguity resulting from the ambiguity of a word. For example in the sentence The captain corrected the list is lexically ambiguous. The word list has two possible meanings, either record (short pieces of information, such as peoples name) or lean (in a ship). Lexical ambiguity can be created from because of polysemy and homophony (OGrady 270). Polysemy Polysemy occurs where a word has two or more related meanings. Example: Bright : shining, intelligent To glare : to shine intensely, to stare angrily A deposit : minerals in the earth, money in the bank Homophony Homophony exists where a single form has two or more entirely distinct meanings. For example, the word bat has the meaning either a flying mouse-like nocturnal mammal or a piece of equipment used in cricket or baseball. In this case, it is assumed that there are two or more separate words with the same pronunciation rather than a single word with different meanings. Structural Ambiguity Structural ambiguity appears because of the resemblance of phrase. Each word which forms a phrase actually should be clear, but the combination can be interpreted more than one meaning. For example in the sentence I met a number of old friends and acquaintances. The word old (past or someone who has been already old, in this case about age matter) in this sentence can be connected with friends (people who you know well but not in family members) and acquaintances which means people that you have met but do not know well. In that sentence, where is meant by the past, is it friends or acquaintances? Structural ambiguity happens if there is a sentence which is ambiguous because its words relate each other in different ways, even though none words are ambiguous (Hufford 129 130). Language of Newspapers In his book, The Language of Newspaper; Socio Historical Perspective, Conboy (1) says that the language of newspapers has always encapsulated what would they sell to the readers and how the information which they share could best be packaged and presented to achieve the commercial end at a certain time. The market-driven rationalization of the language of the new mass newspapers affected the grammar of the reduced sentences which were increasingly identifiable as journalistic. The twentieth-century newspapers language was shaped by a wave of technologies competing with the newspaper as the prime provider of topical information about the world. In newspapers today, we are witnessing the latest linguistic accommodation to changing social and commercial pressures. Newspapers have always striven to provide an elaborated form of conversation with their audiences, to be something more than a dry account of the events of the day (Conboy 2). Previous Study In Faculty of Letters, Unika Soegijapranata there have been thre theses discussing about Ambiguity. Marsha Marieanne (2011), The Analysis of Ambiguity in Printed Consumer Goods Indonesian Advertisements investigates the classification of the ambiguous taglines in printed Indonesian consumer goods advertisements. Doncy Suryaslavia (2005), Lexical and Structural Ambiguity on Television Advertisements focuses on a classification of Indonesian television advertisements which contain lexical or structural ambiguity. Arkhid Awful (2005), Peoples Interpretstion of the Advertisement Containing Ambiguous Sentences or Phrases talks about interpretation of people concerning the ambiguous sentences or phrases in the advertisement. The difference between those three theses from the writes study is that the writer focuses on the lexical and structural ambiguity found in news titles. The writer will conduct a research on each section of the newspaper and find any titles which most likely have ambiguous meaning. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Method of Data Collection The aim of this study is to analyze the lexical and structural ambiguity in the newpaper titles. The writer conducts a reasearch from Indonesian local newspaper, that is Suara Merdeka. She takes the data from each section of the newspaper which most likely contains ambiguous meaning and she will analyze it based on the lexical and structural ambiguity. Instrument 1.2 Procedure Method of Data Analysis Reading the selected data Identifying the words, phrases, and sentences which are possibly ambiguous. Classifying them into the types of ambiguity whether lexical or structural ambiguity.

A Passage to India and Orientalism Essay -- European Literature Edward

A Passage to India and Orientalism When in 1978 Edward W. Said published his book Orientalism, it presented a turning point in post-colonial criticism. He introduced the term Orientalism, and talked about 2 of its aspects: the way the West sees the Orient and the way the West controls the Orient. Said gave three definitions of Orientalism, and it is through these definitions that I will try to demonstrate how A Passage to India by E. M. Forster is an Orientalist text. First, Said defined Orientalism as an academic discipline, which flourished in 18th and 19th century. Anyone who teaches, writes about, or researches the Orient - and this applies whether the person is an anthropologist, sociologist, historian, or philologist - either in its specific or its general aspects, is an Orientalist, and what he or she does is Orientalism. (2) Second, in Said's own words "Orientalism is a style of thought based upon an ontological and epistemological distinction made between "the Orient" and (most of the time) "the Occident"" (2). And now we come to Said's third definition of Orientalism: Here I come to the third meaning of Orientalism, which is something more historically and materially defined than either of the other two. Taking the late eighteenth century as a very roughly defined starting point Orientalism can be discussed and analysed as the corporate institution for dealing with the Orient - dealing with it by making statements about it, authorising views of it, describing it, teaching it, settl... ...storehouses for grain. India is his country, and India shall one day be united as one nation and throw off the English yoke. (274) In Forster's A Passage to India we recognize certain elements that can be seen as Orientalist. According to Edward Said's definitions of Orientalism I tried to point out some of these Orientalist elements. However, there are many more examples in the novel which would also fit in the Orientalist frames set by Said. WORKS CITED Fasset, I. P. Rev. of A Passage to India, by E. M. Forster. Criterion October 9, 1924 Forster, Edward Morgan. A Passage to India. London: Penguin Books. 1979. Hartley, Leslie Poles. Rev of A Passage to India, by E. M. Forster. Spectator June 28, 1924. Said, Edward W. Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books Edition. 1979.